SECURITY REFRESH: PROTECTING PHASE-CHANGE MEMORY AGAINST MALICIOUS WEAR OUT AS DYNAMIC RAM SCALING APPROACHES ITS PHYSICAL LIMIT, PHASE-CHANGE MEMORY IS THE MOST MATURE AND WELL-STUDIED OPTION FOR POTENTIAL DRAM REPLACEMENT. HOWEVER, MALICIOUS WEAR-OUT AT

......Given the grim prospect of technology scaling in flash memories and dynamic RAM (DRAM), designers are seeking alternative memory technologies to continue the prophecy of Moore’s law for memories. Among them, phase-change mem-ory (PCM) has shown the most promise. Unfortunately, PCM faces serious chal-lenges of reliability and usability if we cannot adequately address its wear-out issues caused by either malicious attacks or worst-case accessing scenarios. Essentially, adversaries can render a PCM device totally useless in a matter of minutes because it has a faster ac-cess speed than flash and shorter enduranc