The Chemical Society of Japan In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopic Observation of Double-wall

Double-wall TiO2 nanotube arrays were prepared using an anodization method in a glycerol-containing electrolyte. In situ TEM observation of these samples at high temperature was carried out with and without oxygen injections. With oxygen injection, an improved thermal stability of the nanotubes at high temperature was observed. It may provide more detailed information about the calcination process of TiO2 nanotubes and assist its morphology and structure modulation. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays have effective application in various fields such as hydrogen generation,1,2 gas sensing,3 dye-sensitized solar cells,4 photocatalysis,5 as well as biomedical applications.6 To realize the efficient performance of amorphous TiO2 nanotube arrays, high-temperature annealing is necessary to convert them into crystalline forms.7 Thus, the evolution of the crystal phase and the increase of the surface are