Perspectives, and a Way Forward

■ Loss and damage (L&D) associated with climate change is inevitable due to a combination of factors operating in tangent with each other. These include the failure to achieve desired greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation levels by a set period of time beyond which there are high risks of the climate system entering into an irreversible phase, and failure to achieve effective adaptation amongst vulnerable people. ■ Stakeholders engaged in L&D have a clear but diverse understanding of the definition of L&D and how it can be mitigated. While there appears to be some agreement on L&D being defined as the residual losses and damages after implementing adaptation actions, others call for the need to apply a more broadly-based definition, with L&D providing the impetus for stronger mitigation and adaptation outcomes. ■ Several proposals to address L&D were made to the processes under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It has been found that the principles which countries support for international negotiations and th