Article Pain and Distress in Inpatient Children According to Child and Mother Perceptions

transitory or permanent losses can magnify the stressful aspects of an illness. According to the World Health Organization [WHO] (2005), chronic illnesses include one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, they generate residual incapacities/deficiencies, they are caused by irreversible pathological changes, and they require the delivery of special rehabilitation training or extended patient supervision, observation and care. Chronic diseases may trigger stronger psychological and physical stress responses than acute diseases (Marin, Chen, Munch, & Miller, 2009). The term stress can be understood as a state of tension that causes internal disruption in an individual. Stress responses occur as a defensive reaction to situation