The Historical Review and Research Overview of Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Structure

With regard to the nuclear basic constituents and overall structure, and the nuclear force, after the discovery of an atomic nucleus has internal structure in 1932, in the eighty years, by great deal of researches, physicists have obtained a large number of measurement results and experimental data; have established fruitful and a series of models for the nuclear basic constituents and overall structure; and have created and developed the related theoretical systems for the nuclear force. [1][2][3][4] The details of the historical and progresses on the research of these issues, according to the relevant literatures, wraparound, induction and compilation as the following: Since the discovery of radioactivity by H. Becquerel in 1896 (H. Becquerel, 1896); the discovery of the atom has internal structure by J. Thomson in 1897 (J. Thomson, 1897); the discovery of the nucleus by E. Rutherford in 1911 (E. Rutherford, 1911); the discovery of the hydrogen nucleus (the proton) by E. Rutherford in 1917 (E. Rutherford, 1917), especially, after the discovery of the neutron by J. Chadwick in 1932(J. Chadwick, 1932), physicists have finally understood that an atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. and in the same year, D. Ivanenko proposed the protons-neutrons model of the atomic nucleus (D. Ivanenko,1932) and the first nuclear shell model (D. Ivanenko, in collaboration with E. Gapon, 1932).[1][2][5] Closely followed, W. Heisenberg, E. Majorana and E. Wigner, took steps to establish the foremost model of nuclear physics, which with respect to the nuclear force and the nuclear structure in quantum view: an atomic nucleus is quantum bound states of nucleons which two type particles, the positively charged proton and the uncharged neutron, nucleons are binding together and forming the nucleus by the nuclear force (also called nuclear forces, the nucleon-nucleon interaction), which is a short-range force whose magnitude is independent of the type of nucleons, even is enough strong and attractive to overcome the long-range Coulomb repulsion between protons (W