Distributed Patterns of Reactivation Predict Vividness of Recollection

■ According to the principle of reactivation, memory retrieval evokes patterns of brain activity that resemble those instantiated when an event was first experienced. Intuitively, one would ex-pect neural reactivation to contribute to recollection (i.e., the vivid impression of reliving past events), but evidence of a direct relationship between the subjective quality of recollection and multiregional reactivation of item-specific neural patterns is lack-ing. The current study assessed this relationship using fMRI to measure brain activity as participants viewed and mentally re-played a set of short videos. We used multivoxel pattern analysis to train a classifier to identify individual videos based on brain ac-tivity evoked during perception and tested how accurately the classifier could distinguish among videos during mental replay. Classification accuracy correlated positively with memory vivid-ness, indicating that the specificity of multivariate brain patterns observed during memory retrieval was related to the subjective quality of a memory. In addition, we identified a set of brain re-gions whose univariate activity during retrieval predicted both memory vividness and the strength of the classifier’s prediction irrespective of the particular video that was retrieved. Our results establish distributed patterns of neural reactivation as a valid and objective marker of the quality of recollection.