There is a staging graph below

Blood in the urine is the most common indication that something is wrong. Often one will experience pain or difficulty upon urination, frequency of urination, or have irritation along with urgency. After symptoms and/or urinalysis have indicated a cause for concern, the next steps for staging would most likely include some or all of the following diagnostic procedures; Cystoscopy, bladder wash cytology, biopsy and/or bladder mapping, IVP, Ultra Sonography, pathology tests. Bone scans and CT scans may be used, though doctors will use their judgement, and don’t usually prescribe them if the cancer appears to be non-muscle-invasive. MRI’s have been shown to be helpful in experimental studies, but are also not usually used for initial staging. PET scans have been shown to be very helpful and even more accurate that CT or MRI in diagnosing distant metastases, but they are not yet approved for bladder cancer diagnostics and have potential drawbacks when trying to stage local disease (see imaging studies). Although these new imaging modalities have been shown to be helpful in some instances, they cannot replace cystoscopy for detection of small tumors. The stage refers to how far a cancer has progressed anatomically, while the grade refers to cell appearance (differentiation) and DNA make up. Stage is determined by the depth to which the tumor has penetrated the bladder wall, and assessment of invasion of lymph nodes and other surrounding organs and tissues. Tumors that pose a high risk for progression and death are multifocal (multiple tumors in more than one area of the bladder) Ta lesions, tumors with associated carcinoma in situ (also written as Tis or CIS), and T1 lesions. Eventually, one-half of these high-risk patients will require a cystectomy, and one-third are at risk of dying from bladder cancer over 15 to 20 years. More info on risk factors can be found here: non-muscle-invasive bladder cance