Finite-element time–domain algorithms for modeling linear Debye and Lorentz dielectric dispersions at low frequencies

Abstract—We present what we believe to be the first algorithms that use a simple scalar-potential formulation to model linear Debye and Lorentz dielectric dispersions at low frequencies in the context of finite-element time-domain (FETD) numerical solutions of electric potential. The new algorithms, which permit treatment of multiple-pole dielectric relaxations, are based on the auxiliary differential equation method and are unconditionally stable. We validate the algorithms by comparison with the results of a previously reported method based on the Fourier transform. The new algorithms should be useful in calculating the transient response of biological materials subject to impulsive excitation. Potential applications include FETD modeling of electromyog-raphy, functional electrical stimulation, defibrillation, and effects of lightning and impulsive electric shock. Index Terms—Finite element methods, transient analysis. I