Keywords: Infant

s a pec Methods: Parents (or caregivers) of 29,287 infants and toddlers (aged 0–3 years) from 17 countries com-ajor c lack of developmental knowledge, and by broader cultural norms, beliefs, and attitudes that shape parental expectations. Recent studies have demonstrated individual differences in parental perceptions, attitudes and interpretation vis-à-vis infant sleep [15–19]. For instance, it has been shown that when parents regarding infant and toddler sleep are shaped by their cultural con-text, their own childhood narratives, and by their actual experience with their own child. Our recent work has demonstrated signifi-cant variations in sleep patterns, parental behaviors, and sleep con-text across countries and cultures [20,21]. For example, we have found that infants and toddlers (ages 0–3 years) in predomi-nantly-Asian (PA) countries/regions are more likely to have a later bedtime, sleep less, and have more reported sleep difficulties in comparison to children in predominantly-Caucasian (PC) countrie