2011a. The influence of farmers’ mental models on an agroforestry extension program in the Philippines. Small-scale Forestry 10: 377–387

Abstract The influence of farmers ’ mental models on the success of an agrofor-estry extension program on Leyte Island in the Philippines was investigated. Knowledge of farmers ’ mental models and hence the likely acceptance of tech-nology was used to inform the design of a hypothetically expanded program. To gain an insight into the reasons behind differing acceptance of extension assistance, data were collected and analysed from formal interviews, translated conversations and visual observations. The data provided a chain of evidence and triangulation between farmers ’ stated intentions and their actions. Farmers had little prior knowledge of nursery technology and were highly receptive to extension assistance which enabled them to develop high self-efficacy in seedling production. However, farmers ’ rejection of silvicultural advice to thin and prune existing plantations was predicated by existing attitudes to forest resource management. Farmers also expressed a strong preference for a low-cost and low-input approach to establishing timber trees. Visual observations of farmers ’ tree establishment practices indicated the existence of gaps in their knowledge of tree growth processes. This investigation illustrates the need to elicit farmers ’ mental models as a parallel enquiry to extension activities. If agroforestry extension is to be constructivist and participa-tory, accommodation of farmers ’ mental models and modification of program goals may be necessary. Relatively little is known about the reasons for farmers’ acceptance or rejection of silviculture in Leyte and these results indicate that further research into the way that farmers ’ mental models filter and guide acceptance of advice may be worthwhile