versity is to develop and implement innovative methods, materials, and technologies for improv-ing transportation effi ciency, safety, and reliability while improving the learning environment of students, faculty, and staff in transportation-related fi elds. Disclaimer Notice The contents of this report refl ect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. The opinions, fi ndings and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the sponsors. The sponsors assume no liability for the contents or use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specifi cation, or regulation. The s...