Does Negative Interaction in the Church Increase Depression? Longitudinal Findings from the Presbyterian Panel Survey*

This study examines a neglected topic in research on religion and psychological well-being: the effects of negative interaction in church on depression. After outlining a series of theoretical arguments linking negative interaction with health and well-being, relevant hypotheses are tested using longitudinal data from two surveys of the 1997–99 Presbyterian Panel, a nationwide panel of members and elders (lay leaders) in congregations of the Presbyterian Church (USA). Findings confirm that negative interaction appears to foster or exacerbate depression over the study period. In addition, specific dimensions of social negativity have distinctive effects; the impact of criticisms on depression surface only in cross-sectional models, while the effects of excessive demands emerge only in the longitudinal models. No subgroup variations in these effects are detected. Implications of these findings are discussed with regard to (a) research on religion and health and (b) congregational life, and a number of promising directions for future research are elaborated