Mining Billions of AST Nodes to Study Actual and Potential Usage of Java Language Features

Programming languages evolve over time, adding additional lan-guage features to simplify common tasks and make the language easier to use. For example, the Java Language Specification has four editions and is currently drafting a fifth. While the addition of language features is driven by an assumed need by the community (often with direct requests for such features), there is little empiri-cal evidence demonstrating how these new features are adopted by developers once released. In this paper, we analyze over 31k open-source Java projects representing over 9 million Java files, which when parsed contain over 18 billion AST nodes. We analyze this corpus to find uses of new Java language features over time. Our study gives interesting insights, such as: there are millions of places features could potentially be used but weren’t; developers convert existing code to use new features; and we found thousands of in-stances of potential resource handling bugs