F1: A distributed sql database that scales

F1 is a distributed relational database system built at Google to support the AdWords business. F1 is a hybrid database that combines high availability, the scalability of NoSQL systems like Bigtable, and the consistency and us-ability of traditional SQL databases. F1 is built on Span-ner, which provides synchronous cross-datacenter replica-tion and strong consistency. Synchronous replication im-plies higher commit latency, but we mitigate that latency by using a hierarchical schema model with structured data types and through smart application design. F1 also in-cludes a fully functional distributed SQL query engine and automatic change tracking and publishing. 1