Anxiety, Depression and Hopelessness in Adolescents: A Structural Equation Model

Objective: This study tested a structural model, examining the relationship between a latent variable termed demoralization and measured variables (anxiety, depression and hopelessness) in a community sample of Canadian youth. Methods: The combined sample consisted of data collected from four independent studies from 2001 to 2005. Nine hundred and seventy one (n=971) participants were high school students (grades 10-12) from three geographic locations: Calgary, Saskatchewan and Lethbridge. Participants completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory-Revised (BDI-II), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and demographic survey. Structural equation modeling was used for statistical analysis. Results: The analysis revealed that the final model, including depression, anxiety and hopelessness and one latent variable demor-alization, fit the data (chi-square value, X2 (2) = 7.25, p<.001, goodness of fit indices (CFI=0.99, NFI=0.98) and standard-ized error (0.05). Overall, the findings suggest that close relationships exist among depression, anxiety, hopelessness and demoralization that is stable across demographic variables. Further, the model explains the relationship between sub-clini-cal anxiety, depression and hopelessness. Conclusion: These findings contribute to a theoretical framework, which has impli-cations for educational and clinical intervention. The present findings will help guide further preventative research on exam-ining demoralization as a precursor to sub-clinical anxiety and depression