is m o u

Hierarchical memory architectures for computing systems are based on two fundamental paradigms of computer architecture: a hardware paradigm that states that smaller is faster and a software paradigm that programs access me hibit spatial and tempo tency inherent in the acce hidden in a pyramid wi modules at the top, clos larger, slower memories a optoelectronic 1OE2 memo tial for building very lar level of the hierarchy. U cal memory provides ran address space, as well as parallel data transfers. the integration of silicon and OE technology such as field-effect-transistor–self-electro-optic-effect devices Key to the successful design of such a system is the resolution of architectural issues such as the address translation mechanism, frame size at each level, based on the visibility of the memory relative to a machine language instruction. In this historical context, shown in Fig. 11a2, a primary, or main, memory was defined by the program address space 1e.g., 16-bit addresses2 and secondary memory, or backing store, was associated with input and output. Cache memories, to the extent they existed, were invisible and were first implemented as buffers between the processor and the primary memory. In modern systems, shown in Fig. 11b2, caches are implemented routinely and typically exist in mul-or vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers1–5 have pro