Low-income self-employed GPs: a preference for leisure?

In France, each year between 1993 and 2004, 5 to 7 % of general practitioners (GPs) earn less than 1.5 times the level of the French minimum wage. This article examines who are those low-income GPs using a representative panel of French self-employed GPs over the years 1993 to 2004. We \u85nd that experiencing low incomes, even during a short period of time, has a lasting impact on GPs incomes over their whole career. Low-income GPs are mainly female or physicians practicing in areas where medical density is high but where the quality of life is also better. To test if low incomes result from a preference for leisure (ie if low-income GPs choose to work less than all other GPs or if they are constrained to), the econometric analysis consists of measuring GPsreaction to a shock of demand. We show that low-income GPs never react to an increase in demand, while it would give them the opportunity to increase their activity and their incomes. They only react to negative shocks of demand, i.e. they decrease their activity when they are constrained to. Conversely, all other GPs always react to I thank, for their useful comments and suggestions, Brigitte Dormont, Eve Caroli, Pierre-Yve