HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION, VERTICAL DIFFUSION, AND INTERNAL PRESSURE IN STATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYMAKING, 1989-1998

Throughout the 1980s, states developed policies to address the growing problem of abandoned and uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Not surprisingly, some states have adopted stringent pol-icies that are similar to the federal Superfund program, whereas others have developed different approaches. In this article, we develop and test empirically a model of the strength of state haz-ardous waste programs, which we depict as a function of both internal determinants and external diffusion. For internal determinant explanations we consider the effects of problem severity, internal political factors, interest group pressure, and socioeconomic and demographic variables. We also include variables representing regional and top-down (national) diffusion. Our results indicate the importance of both internal determinants and external diffusion. Strong state hazard-ous waste programs are a function of state wealth and the severity of internal hazardous waste problems, as well as external determinants, with regional diffusion as a particularly influential factor. Keywords: public policy; environmental policy; state politics; state government; hazardous waste management; policy diffusion Throughout the 1980s, the federal and state governments created policies and programs to address the growing problem of hazardous waste sites. Largely in response to Love Canal, Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liabil-ity Act in 1980, also known as Superfund. The Superfund program is designed to remediate the nation’s worst hazardous waste sites. Ther