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As the rate and extent of environmental changeincreases, traditional perspectives on ecosystem management and restoration are being juxtaposed with approaches that focus on the altered settings now being encountered or anticipated. We suggest that a combina-tion of traditional and emerging frameworks is necessary to achieve the multiple goals of ecosystem management, including biodiversity conservation and provision of other ecosystem services such as food and fiber produc-tion, recreation, and spiritual enrichment. An effective approach entails a move away from parti-tioning the environment into dichotomous categories (eg natural/unnatural, production/conservation, intact/degrad-ed). Instead, landscapes are increasingly characterized by a complex mosaic of ecosystems or “patches ” in varying states of modification, each of which delivers various com-binations of services and presents assorted management challenges and opportunities. These patches interact and affect broader-scale processes (such as water flows and ani-mal migrations), necessitating the urgent development of a conservation and restoration strategy that recognizes these rapid spatial changes. Here, we focus on an emerging framework that differ-entiates patches according to the degree of change from a historical state (resulting from altered abiotic factors and biotic compositions), the likely extent to which such changes are reversible, and the effect of altered patches on other patches within the landscape (WebPanel 1). This framework, derived from recent research on novel ecosystems (Hobbs et al. 2009, 2013), helps to identify the relative values of ecosystems in different conditions and the management options available in each case. As seen from a landscape perspective, this framework pro-vides a comprehensive approach to decision making and management, including much-needed prioritization of resource allocations. nManaging the whole landscape Recent analyses have highlighted the need for manage-ment and restoration efforts to go beyond site-focused interventions and to consider landscape and regional scales (Mentz et al. 2013). Ecosystem managers increas