and

Variation in Asperula cynanchica L. (Rubiaceae) in the British Isles has been studied from herbarium material, field observations and limited cultivation experiments. Morphological analyses indicate that all British and Irish material is referable to subsp. cynanchica with two varieties present: subsp. cynanchica var. cynanchica is widespread, subsp. cynanchica var. densiflora usually occurs near the coast and includes material from the British Isles previously referred to subsp. occidentalis. Subsp. occidentalis occurs in south-west France and northern Spain but does not occur in the British Isles