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The problems of congestion and environmental pollution through increasing road traffic are well acknowledged and documented. In response to the growing problems, a number of demand management policies emerged, designed to reduce dependency on private motor vehicles. Transport planners and policy makers are progressively realising that only demand management measures can effectively tackle issues of transport’s environmental impacts and congestion. Road pricing is one such measure, yet is viewed negatively by many who consider it a radical policy. Public and political acceptability often leads similar radical transport policies, to failure, or delays. Transport planning today has a crisis of managing policy development and implementation, which is the core issue undertaken by this thesis. The new policy agenda requires a more complex and integrated process than have hitherto been adopted and an implementation process that recognises this complexity to win the support of the network of stakeholders involved. The thesis covers two interconnected subjects. One is the road pricing and access control case studies that detail schemes in Norway (Bergen, Oslo, Trondheim), Italy (Bologna, Rome, Genoa), and the UK (Durham, London, Edinburgh). The other par