SYMPOSIUM: EARLY ONSET SCOLIOSIS Early Definitive Spinal Fusion in Young Children What We Have Learned

Background Early-onset scoliosis, when left untreated, leads to severe deformity. Until the last decade, treatment of progressive curves in young children often consisted of definitive spinal fusion. The recognition of thoracic insuf-ficiency syndrome associated with definitive early fusion has led to the development of new surgical techniques developed to preserve spinal and thoracic growth in young patients with progressive scoliosis. Questions/purposes We asked: (1) Does early definitive fusion arrest progression of spinal deformity? To what extent does early definitive spinal fusion influence (2) pulmonary function and (3) thoracic growth? Methods A Medline search of the published literature on early-onset scoliosis, congenital scoliosis, and infantile scoliosis between 2008 and 2010 was performed on spinal fusion for early-onset scoliosis, focusing on studies reporting pulmonary function at followup. Results Spinal deformity is apparently not well controlled by early fusion since revision surgery has been required in 24 % to 39 % of patients who underwent presumed defini-tive fusion in early childhood. Restrictive pulmonary disease, defined as forced vital capacity less than 50 % of normal, occurs in 43 % to 64 % of patients who undergo early fusion surgery with those children who have exten-sive thoracic fusions and whose fusions involve the proximal thoracic spine at highest risk. Thoracic growth after early surgery is an average of 50 % of that seen in children with scoliosis who do not have early surgery. Diminished thoracic spinal height correlates with decreased forced vital capacity. Conclusions The literature does not support routine definitive fusion of thoracic spinal deformity at an early age in children with scoliosis. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence