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endonasal endoscope stereoendoscope three-dimensional transnasal surgical simulators Three-dimensional Neurostereoendoscopy? Subjective and Objective Comparison to 2D technology to endoscopic approaches has the potential to reduce mistakes in movement, pro-vide more visual anatomic cues by more clearly illuminating depth relationships, and reduce learning curves for novice surgeons [6]. In spite of these obvious advantages, there has been a relative lack of exploration into 3D neuroendos-copy. In one report on four cases, 3D neuroendos-copy was successfully used as an adjunct to traditional microscopic procedures, allowing for stereoscopic visualization of structures not visi-ble through the microscope [3]. It is possible that the previous paucity of research into 3D neuroendoscopy represents a defi ciency in adequate equipment. Earlier studies compar-ing 2D and 3D laparoscopic techniques were lim-ited by the imaging technology available; fi rst generation 3D systems based on dual CCD cam-eras or rapidly alternating views had poor resolu-tion and other negative e ̥ects on the surgeon ’ s senses (e.g., headache, dizziness, disorientation) [7]. Several recent studies in the general surgery literature using improved imaging technolog