Inquiry into the Australian Citizenship Amendment

has not undertaken any primary research directly on the topic of Intercountry Adoption. However, there are two programs of work where there are implications that relate to current adoption practice, including intercountry adoption. 1. Learning lessons from past adoption practices During the mid to late twentieth century (1940s to 1980s), it was common practice for babies of unwed mothers to be adopted by married couples. Many of the infants were taken from their mothers at childbirth as a result of extreme pressure and coercion that they experienced from family, social workers and hospital staff. The practices sometimes extended to ‘undeserving ’ married women. The adoptions that occurred in this way have been termed ‘forced adoptions’. Not all of the forced removals or separations between parents and children resulted in adoption: some children grew up in institutions. It has now been recognised that the separation of a child from its mother in this manner was neither moral nor legal – a practice for which the nation has offered its apology (Mushin, 2014). Many of the practices have similarities with those to which Indigenous children of the Stolen Generations were subjected. The past practices of forced adoption have resulted in life-lon