Texture and scale in object-based analysis of subdecimeter resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery

Abstract—Imagery acquired with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has great potential for incorporation into natural resource monitoring protocols due to their ability to be deployed quickly and repeatedly and to fly at low altitudes. While the imagery may have high spatial resolution, the spectral resolution is low when lightweight off-the-shelf digital cameras are used, and the inclusion of texture measures can potentially increase the clas-sification accuracy. Texture measures have been used widely in pixel-based image analysis, but their use in an object-based en-vironment has not been well documented. Our objectives were to determine the most suitable texture measures and the optimal image analysis scale for differentiating rangeland vegetation using UAV imagery segmented at multiple scales. A decision tree was used to determine the optimal texture features for each segmen-tation scale. Results indicated the following: 1) The error rate of the decision tree was lower; 2) prediction success was higher; 3) class separability was greater; and 4) overall accuracy was higher (high 90 % range) at coarser segmentation scales. The inclusion of texture measures increased classification accuracies at nearly all segmentation scales, and entropy was the texture measure with the highest score in most decision trees. The re-sults demonstrate that UAVs are viable platforms for rangeland monitoring and that the drawbacks of low-cost off-the-shelf digital cameras can be overcome by including texture measures and using object-based image analysis which is highly suitable for very high resolution imagery. Index Terms—Object-based classification, rangelands, scale, texture, unmanned aircraft