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(RGCs). Intraocular injection of AAQ restores the pupillary light reflex and locomotory light avoidance neurons that survive after the natural photoreceptive cells have degenerated. Expression of optogenetic proteins in RGCsface the prospect of irreversible blindness. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the sole output neurons of the retina. Hence, all of the visual information that reaches the which can be cytotoxic when excessive (Winter et al., 2007). Stem cell therapies carry potential for teratoma formation (Chaudhry et al., 2009). Viruses that deliver optogenetic toolsbrain is encoded by the spatial and temporal pattern of RGC action potentials. Several strategies have been advanced to can have off-target effects and may elicit inflammatory responses (Beltran et al., 2010). While the potential permanencebehavior in mice lacking retinal photoreceptors, indi-cating reconstitution of light signaling to brain circuits. AAQ and related photoswitch molecules present a potential drug strategy for restoring retinal function in degenerative blinding diseases