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to coastal marine waters (Jickells, 1998). Fertilisers, atmospheric inputs, sewage, and agricultural wastes all contribute to this increase. These anthropogenic nutrients have the potential to stimulate phytoplankton production that in turn may have unde-sirable effects on coastal marine ecosystems and the human use of and the term “Harmful Algal Bloom ” (HAB) is commonly used to describe their occurrence and effects. A link between anthropo-genic nutrient supply and the appearance of harmful algae (HABs) has been proposed (Hallegraeff, 1993; Anderson et al., 2002; Heisler et al., 2008; Conley et al., 2009). The view that HABs occur in response to enhanced nutrient loading has recently been reviewed by Gowen et al. (2012) who found that the evidence relating HABs to anthropogenic nutrient enrichment was often equivocal. * Corresponding author. Contents lists available a