wetsus

Reverse Electro-Dialysis, RED, utilises the energy of mixing between two solutions of different salinity by allowing ionic cur-rent to pass through the membranes and the two solutions such that cations are transport to the cathode and anions to the an-ode. [1–4] The ionic current is converted to electronic current by red-ox reactions at the cathode and the anode. The membranes applied in this process are ionic selective, traditionally of uni-form thickness and separated by a non-conductive spacer [5, 6]. Traditionally, non-conductive spacers have been deployed as eddy promoters and membrane spacers in salinity difference power extraction systems, such as Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and Reverse Electro-Dialysis (RED). For RED, traditional spacers inhibit parts of the ionic cur-rent paths in the fluid compartments and magnify the pressur