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olecular imaging is a newly emerging and rapidly developing biomedical imaging field in which the modern technologies and instruments are being merged to study biological and medical processes, as well as diagnosing and managing diseases. In the study of molecular imaging, the three research focuses are the imaging techniques, specific molecular probes, and molecular imag-ing applications in pathology and pharmacology. Therefore, novel molecular imaging theories and algorithms, new mo-lecular probes, multimodality molecular imaging prototype systems, experiments, and biomedical applications are intro-duced as a whole project. Focusing on the core theory of in vivo fluorescent labeling, molecular imaging and related techniques, systems, and deep-seated issues of radionuclide labeling molecular imaging, ou