Mining block correlations to improve storage performance

Block correlations are common semantic patterns in storage systems. They can be exploited for im-proving the effectiveness of storage caching, prefetching, data layout, and disk scheduling. Unfor-tunately, information about block correlations is unavailable at the storage system level. Previous approaches for discovering file correlations in file systems do not scale well enough for discovering block correlations in storage systems. In this article, we propose two algorithms, C-Miner and C-Miner*, that use a data mining technique called frequent sequence mining to discover block correlations in storage systems. Both algorithms run reasonably fast with feasible space requirement, indicating that they are practical for dynamically inferring correlations in a storage system. C-Miner is a direct application of a frequent-sequence mining algorithm with a few modifications; compared with C-Miner, C-Miner* is redesigned for mining block correlations by making concessions for the specific problem of long sequences in storage system traces. Therefore, C-Miner * can discover 7–109 % more correlation rules within 2–15 times shorter time than C-Miner. Moreover, we have also evaluated the benefits of block correlation-directed prefetching and data layout through experiments. Our results using real system workloads show that correlation-directed prefetching and data layout can reduce averag