Focus Article Cognitive enhancement

Cognitive enhancement refers to the improvement of cognitive ability in normal healthy individuals. In this article,we focus on theuseof pharmaceutical agents and brain stimulation for cognitive enhancement, reviewing themost commonmethods of pharmacologic and electronic cognitive enhancement, and the mechanisms by which they are believed to work, the effectiveness of these methods and their prevalence. We note the many gaps in our knowledge of these matters, including open questions about the size, reliability and nature of the enhancing effects, and we conclude with recommendations for further research. © 2013 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd. How to cite this article