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personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission. 1 Custom systems-on-a-chip (SoCs), where the processors and caches are a small part of the chip, are becoming ubiquitous; it is rare today to find an electronics product at any scale that does not include an on-chip processor. Thus, many more companies are designing chips that include processors than in the past. Given that the industry has been revolutionized by open standards and open source software—with networking protocols like TCP/IP and operating systems (OS) like Linux—why i