Inference from Samples of DNA Sequences Using a Two-Locus Model

Performing inference on contemporary samples of DNA sequence data is an important and challenging task. Computationally intensive methods such as importance sampling (IS) are attractive because they make full use of the available data, but in the presence of recom-bination the large state space of genealogies can be prohibitive. In this article, we make progress by developing an efficient IS proposal distribution for a two-locus model of se-quence data. We show that the proposal developed here leads to much greater efficiency, outperforming existing IS methods that could be adapted to this model. Among several possible applications, the algorithm can be used to find maximum likelihood estimates for mutation and crossover rates, and to perform ancestral inference. We illustrate the method on previously reported sequence data covering two loci either side of the well-studied TAP2 recombination hotspot. The two loci are themselves largely non-recombining, so we obtain a gene tree at each locus and are able to infer in detail the effect of the hotspot on their joint ancestry. We summarize this joint ancestry by introducing the gene graph, a summary of the well-known ancestral recombination graph