M.: Shingled graph disassembly: Finding the undecideable path

Abstract. A probabilistic finite state machine approach to statically disassem-bling x86 machine language programs is presented and evaluated. Static disassembly is a crucial prerequisite for software reverse engineering, and has many applica-tions in computer security and binary analysis. The general problem is provably undecidable because of the heavy use of unaligned instruction encodings and dy-namically computed control flows in the x86 architecture. Limited work in machine learning and data mining has been undertaken on this subject. This paper shows that semantic meanings of opcode sequences can be leveraged to infer similarities between groups of opcode and operand sequences. This empowers a probabilistic finite state machine to learn statistically significant opcode and operand sequences in a training corpus of disassemblies. The similarities demonstrate the statistical significance of opcodes and operands in a surrounding context, facilitating more accurate disassembly of new binaries. Empirical results demonstrate that the algorithm is more efficient and effective than comparable approaches used by state-of-the-art disassembly tools