A survey and analysis of diversity measures in genetic programming

This paper presents a survey and comparison of the signicant diversity measures in the genetic programming literature. The over-all aim and motivation behind this study is to attempt to gain a deeper understanding of genetic programming dynamics and the conditions under which genetic programming works well. Three benchmark problems (Ar-ti cial Ant, Symbolic Regression and Even-5-parity) are used to illustrate dierent di-versity measures and to analyse their corre-lation with performance. The results show that diversity is not an absolute indicator of performance and that phenotypic measures appear superior to genotypic ones. Finally we conclude that interesting potential exists with tracking ancestral lineages.