Curvature pressure in a cosmology with a tired-light redshift

A hypothesis is presented that electromagnetic forces that prevent ions from following geodesics result in a curvature pressure that is very important in astrophysics. It may partly explain the solar neutrino deflciency and it may be the engine that drives astrophysical jets. However, the most important consequence is that, under general relativity without a cosmological constant, it leads to a static and stable cosmology. Combining an earlier hypothesis of a gravitational interaction of photons and particles with curved spacetime, a static cosmology is developed that predicts a Hubble constant of H = 60 ¢2 km s¡1Mpc¡1 and a microwave background radiation with a temperature of 3 ¢0 K. The background X-ray radiation is explained, and observations of the quasar luminosity function and the angular distribution of radio sources have a better flt with this cosmology than they do with standard big-bang models. Although recent results (Pahre et al. 1996) for the Tolman surface brightness test favour the standard big-bang cosmology, they are not completely inconsistent with a static tired-light model. Most observations that imply the existence of dark matter measure redshift, interpret them as velocities, and invoke the virial theorem to predict masses that are much greater than thos