Cognitive signals in the primate motor thalamus predict saccade timing

We often generate movements without any external event that immediately triggers them. How the brain decides the timing of self-initiated movements remains unclear. Previous studies suggest that the basal ganglia–thalamocortical pathways play this role, but the subcortical signals thatdeterminemovement timinghavenotbeen identified.Thepresent study reports that a subset of thalamicneurons predicts the timing of self-initiated saccadic eyemovements.Whenmonkeysmade a saccade in response to the fixation point (FP) offset in the traditional memory saccade task, neurons in the ventrolateral and the ventroanterior nuclei of the thalamus exhibited a gradual buildupof activity that peaked around themost probable timeof the FPoffset; however, neither the timingnor themagnitudeof neuronal activity correlated with saccade latencies, suggesting that the brain is unlikely to have used this information to decide the times of saccades in the traditional memory saccade task. In contrast, when monkeys were required to make a self-timed saccade within a fixed time interval after an external cue, the same neurons again exhibited a strong buildup of activity that preceded saccades by several hundred milliseconds, showing a close correlation between the times of neuronal activity and the times of self-initiated saccades. The results suggest that neurons in themotor thalamus carry subjective time information,which is usedby cortical networks todetermine the timing of self-initiated saccades. Key words: saccade; self-timing; thalamus; motor system; physiology; primat