Direct seeding of Pinus sylvestvis (L.) in the boreal forest using orchard or stand seed

Wennstrom, U. 2001. Direct seeding of Pinus sylvestris (L.) in the boreal forest using orchard or stand seed. Doctoral dissertation. ISSN 1401-6230, ISBN 91-576-6088-3 The overall aim was to analyse the possibilities for operational forestry of using Pinus sylvestris (L.) orchard seeds (0s) for direct seeding in the boreal forest. The use of 0s instead of stand seeds (SS) increased seedling establishment by 41 % two years after mechanical direct seeding at four sites in northern Sweden. 0s was advantageous to use in combination with microsite preparation to achieve desired spacing and different regeneration strategies, at low cost, and on an operational scale. On average, 0s had 16 % and 12 % higher seedling emergence than SS in a northern (Lat 64"N) and southern (Lat 60"N) field experimental series where six orchard seed lots and six stand seed lots of adequate geographical origins were analysed with up to six seeding years. The survival rate from year 1 to year 4 was 77 % and 72 % in the northern series and 58 % and 49 % in the southern series for orchard and stand seedlings respectively. On average