Formerly a Physics Teacher at

Abstract. It is widely believed that electricity and magnetism were united by James Clerk-Maxwell in the nineteenth century. In his 1865 paper ‘A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field ’ [1], Maxwell substituted the quantity ‘Displacement Current ’ into Ampère’s circuital law and he obtained the electromagnetic wave equation. Displacement current is generally believed to incorporate Gauss’s law and so it would appear that Maxwell had successfully united electrostatics with electromagnetism. Maxwell’s physical explanation for displacement current began in terms of tangential stress on the electrical particles in his sea of molecular vortices and it later developed into dielectric linear polarization current. Maxwell was on the right tracks when he considered the tangential stress on the electrical particles in his vortex sea but he went wrong when he later ignored his molecular vortices to concentrate on the dielectric aspect of the aether