5 POLICING OPINIONS: ELITES, SCIENCE AND POPULAR OPINION

Different socio-historical conceptualisations of the emergence of public opinion in the eighteenth century, which have given rise to the works of Habermas about the public sphere, in particular, allow us to think about the actual social referent of the public opinion phenomenon. The classical focus on prerevolutionary, enlightened public opinion and the hypothetical causal effect of the Enlighten-ment conceal the anthropological invariants of opining as a procedure of sharing differences and individual interests. This intello-centric approach reproduces the elitist ideology in this analysis that limits the procedural univer-sality to the pseudo-public sphere of the true citizens, although it declares, as a matter of principle, that all citizens ought to participate in government. After having proven the segregating stakes in these processes, the article shows that the concept of public opinion is not reduced to a normative definition either in the cultivated sense of a rational discussion or in the psycho-sociological sense of an aggregation of individual states of mind by the community of scholars and politicians. It also refers to the common opinion and the popular form of speech which characterise the doxastic community of mutual know-ledge that ordinary actors hold, or think they hold, about each other