Malignancy in renal transplantation: opportunities with proliferation signal inhibitors

proliferation signal inhibitors/mTOR inhibitors; renal transplantation Patient survival after renal transplantation has improved considerably over the past 30 years [1]. Currently, patient survival rates of 95 % at 1 year and 90 % at 5 years are realistic [2]; however, life expectancy remains far worse than in the general population [2]. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death following renal transplantation in most countries, accounting for around 40–55 % of all deaths [1], but post-transplant malignancies are becoming increas-ingly common and are fast becoming a major burden affecting long-term survival (Figure 1). The increasing incidence of post-transplant malignant tumours wa