OPTA—malnutrition in chronic renal failure

Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) is common among patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD stages 4 and 5) and is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Early recognition and treatment of malnutrition is essential to improve the outcome of patients with advanced CKD and those undergoing maintenance peritonealdialysis and haemodialysis treatment. Definition of protein–energy malnutrition Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) is defined as a lack in supply of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body’s metabolic demands as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due t