SERUM MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION AND ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION ARE ELEVATED BY HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE BUT NOT BY EXERCISE-ASSOCIATED MENSTRUAL DISORDERS IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE YOUNG WOMEN

The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of exercise-associated menstrual disorders and hormonal contraceptives (HC) on systemic inflammatory markers and endothelial function in female athletes. Thirty-nine active women ( ≥ 5 h of aerobic exercise per wk), aged 18–33 y, participated in this cross-sectional study comparing women with menstrual disorders (MD, n = 10; 0–9 cycles·y-1), eumenorrheic women (E, n = 13; 10–13 cycles·y-1), and HC users (HC, n = 16; 12 cycles·y-1). Fasting serum samples were collected during the early follicular phase (d2-5) for the menstruating women. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), total cholesterol (TC), high- and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), reproductive hormones, and cortisol were measured in serum. Estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol were not statistically different between MD and E groups; cortisol was significantly greater in the HC versus E group (p = 0.002). TC (p = 0.005), LDL-C (p = 0.03), and CRP (p = 0.05) were increased in the HC versus MD and E groups. TNF-α was significantly higher in the HC (p=0.001) compared with the E group. There were no significant group differences in the concentrations of sVCAM-1 or IL-6. TNF-α and cortisol were positively correlated (r=0.31, p = 0.058), as were sVCAM-1 and estradiol (r = 0.41, p = 0.010). In conclusion, HC use, but not exercise-associated menstrual disorders, is associated with increased TNF-α and LDL-C. KEY WORDS: Cytokines, soluble vascular adhesion molecule, female reproductive disorders