Time Zones, Shift Working and International Outsourcing

We build a trade model with two identical countries located in different time zones and a monopolistically competitive sector of which production requires dif-ferentiated goods produced in two successive stages. We introduce shift working disutility and allow consumers to choose between day and night shifts. Shift work-ing disutility raises the cost of night production and firms can reduce costs by “virtually ” outsourcing foreign labor. We found that firms only outsource if rel-ative costs of outsourcing are low and shift disutility is high. When outsourcing occurs under free trade, it generates the highest level of welfare among production modes. An intermediate range of shift working disutility can generate the lowest level of welfare and be not affected by the reduction of outsourcing costs