Genetic correlations between first and later parity calving ease in a sire-maternal grandsire model

Calving ease (CE) affects fertility and calf survival. Jamrozik et al. (2005) found that difficult calving (dystocia) was associated with a higher incidence of stillbirth and reduced fertility across all parities. Johanson and Berger (2003) found that first parity cows have 4.7 times greater incidence of dystocia and Dekkers (1994) found that hard pulls and surgica