Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-2 Polymorphism Pro12Ala Is Associated With Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes The Berlin Diabetes Mellitus (BeDiaM) Study

has recently been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes. In the present analysis, we investigated whether PPAR-2 Pro12Ala was associated with micro-vascular complications of type 2 diabetes, such as albu-minuria, end-stage renal failure (ESRF), or retinopathy. A total of 445 patients with type 2 diabetes who were enrolled in the Berlin Diabetes Mellitus Study and in whom we determined albuminuria and the presence of ESRF and retinopathy were genotyped for the PPAR-2 Pro12Ala polymorphism. We also measured potentially important covariables, such as blood pressure, BMI, duration of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin, serum creatinine, and serum lipids. Among 445 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age 59.3 years), the Pro12Ala genotype distribution was in Hardy-Weinberg equilib