Current Concepts Review Etiology of Idiopathic Scoliosis: Current Trends in Research*

Current population studies characterize idiopathic scoliosis as a single-gene disorder that follows the patterns of mendelian genetics, including variable penetrance and heterogeneity. The role of melatonin and calmodulin in the development of idiopathic scoliosis is likely secondary, with indirect effects on growth mechanisms. Reported abnormalities of connective tissue, skeletal muscle, platelets, the spinal column, and the rib cage are all thought to be secondary to the deformity itself. Although no consistent neurological abnormalities have been identified in patients with idiopathic scoliosis, it is possible that a defect in processing by the central nervous system affects the grow-ing spine. The true etiology of idiopathic scoliosis remains unknown; however, it appears to be multifactorial. Idiopathic scoliosis is a pathological entity of un-known etiology. Although the entity was first described by Hippocrates, the term idiopathic scoliosis was proba-bly introduced in the middle of the nineteenth century by Bauer39; it was used by Nathan in 190967, defined by Whit