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aster 5 effects of multiple common alleles, each Background Endocrine-Related Cancer (2010) 17 R109–R121young men; and 3) spermatocytic seminoma, which istypically diagnosed in older men (reviewed in evidence-based development of effective therapy forThere are three major subsets of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs): 1) the teratomas and yolk-sac tumors that occur primarily in neonates and infants; 2) pure seminoma, and a group termed collectively as nonseminoma – these tumors occur predominantly in Oosterhuis & Looijenga (2005)). Patients with familial TGCT (FTGCT) typically fall into category 2, which is by far the most common form of TGCT. Among all malignancies, TGCTs are rare, account-ing forw1 % of all cancers in males (American Cancer Society 2009). They comprise the most common cancer in men aged 20–35 years. The rational,modifiers. All five loci are involved in normal testicular development and/or male infertility. Thes