Alcohol and the Developing Brain: Neuroanatomical Studies

One of the distinguishing features of prenatal alcohol exposure is impaired cognitive and behavioral function resulting from damage to the central nervous system. Information available from the small number of autopsied cases in humans indicates that the offspring of mothers who abused alcohol during pregnancy have various neuroanatomical alterations ranging from gross reductions in brain size to cellular alterations. Recent neuroimaging technology provides the most powerful tool for assessing the neurotoxic effects of fetal alcohol exposure in living organisms and for exploring the relationship between behavioral dysfunction and brain damage at the regional level. Recently, ani mal research has suggested that the damaging effects of alcohol exposure during brain development could be prevented or attenuated by various pharmacological manipulations or by complex motor training. These promising findings provide directions for developing future prevention or interven tion strategies. KEY WORDS: prenatal alcohol exposure; neuroimaging; neurotoxicity; fetal alcohol effects; brain damage; cognitive development; AODR (alcohol and other drug related) behavioral problem; prevention strategy; drug therapy; CNS function; cell adhesion molecules; mitochondria Prenatal alcohol exposure adversely tion of symptoms known as fetal alcohol in the communications among cells. affects the developing anatomical syndrome (FAS). The criteria for diag- These alterations can have a long-term structures of the body and brain, nosing FAS include facial dysmorphology, detrimental impact on behavioral and leading to a range of physical, cognitive, growth retardation, and central nervous cognitive development