ANTHOCYANIN1 of petunia controls pigment synthesis, vacuolar pH, and seed coat development by genetically distinct mechanisms

ANTHOCYANIN1 (AN1) of petunia is a transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family that is required for the synthesis of anthocyanin pigments. Here, we show that AN1 controls additional aspects of cell differentiation: the acidification of vacuoles in petal cells, and the size and morphology of cells in the seed coat epidermis. We identified an1 alleles, formerly known as ph6, that sustain anthocyanin synthesis but not vacuolar acidification and seed coat morphogenesis. These alleles express truncated proteins lacking the C-terminal half of AN1, including the bHLH do-main, at an 30-fold higher level than wild-type AN1. An allelic series in which one, two, or three amino acids were in-serted into the bHLH domain indicated that this domain is required for both anthocyanin synthesis and vacuolar acidifi-cation. These findings show that AN1 controls more aspects of epidermal cell differentiation than previously thought through partially separable domains